Notes 5/16/11

Nation of Islam and Malcolm X

• Black supremacist group
• Malcolm X - tried to use nonviolent activist of the group
• Killed by Nation of Islam
• Symbol was a black panther
• Took protests into white areas

Black Panther Party

• Originally formed in California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
• Introduced program for African Americans
• Eventually spread to over 25 cities

Attica Prison Riot

• Death of George Jackson - well known letters from prison
• Took over prison with leader "Big Black"

School Desegregation in Boston

• Naturally in Boston
• Complaints from the black community about inferior schools in black community
• Parents took school to court
• Court rules against schools
• White parents stopped sending their children to school
• Came to agreement w/ black person on school commitee

Bakke Case

• Double the number of black students
• White people blamed them for not getting into college
• Bakke was denied access to University in California twice
• Went against school in court

Homework 5/13/11

How can you use the events you researched to help you respond to the prompt, “To what extent did the methods and goals of the Civil Rights Movement shift significantly from the mid-1960’s onwards?”

Poor People's Campaign

• Economic equality (for the poor) in the United States
• MLK was main leader of the movement
• MLK was to use nonviolent strategies
• MLK assassinated during campaign
• Set up Resurrection City in protest of a bill not being passed
• Resurrection City was shut down shortly after

Vietnam

• Speeches insulting the president
• Relating the war in Vietnam to the poverty crisis in America
• ^MLK against war^

What changes in methods and goals did you identify?

Poor People's Campaign

• People begin to riot without set dates (Resurrection City)
• Violent outbursts began when MLK was killed
• Resurrection City was set up due to loss

Vietnam

• Peaceful confrontations - girl up to national guard
• Marches continue but more white people join in

Practice in Class OPVL

Origin -

• Speech so it is a primary source - straight from the speakers mouth
• Given by Churchill (former Prime Minister of Great Britain)
• March 5, 1946

Purpose -

• Tell Americans that they need the US alliance - didn't want to be all alone
• To spread the ideas of the "iron curtain" - making America know about this threat
• To show future generations that we can't live with a divided world that this "iron curtain" is putting us in

Value -

• Clear expectation of what Great Britain wants
• Hearing from someone very important to Great Britain
• Real implications - primary source

Limitations -

• Is this what the British Government really wants?
• We don't have the Soviet side of the argument
• What are his private thoughts about this topic?

Korean War and 1950s Class Notes

• June 25, 1950 - North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea
• Each section believed The Koreas should be one Union under lead of each of their leaders
• Truman assumes this is a "Soviet-backed" attack
• Security Council (elite body within UN) decides to assist South Korea

The War

• American soldiers take heavy casualties, pushed down Korean peninsula
• Lead advance into North Korea (capturing Pyongyang)
• China goes into war on side of North Korea (pushed American troops back across 38th parallel)
• MacArthur called for land attack on China (alludes to Nuclear attacks on Korea)
• MacArthur is fired in April, 1951
• Armistice talks begin in 1951 (still cannot agree and fighting/dying continues for 2 years)

Fear of Communism in America

• Fear taking over America (fallout shelters made and duck and cover drills)
• House of Un-American Activities Committee leads charge against "communist threats from within"
• HUAC starts investigating Hollywood (communist suspicion by Government)
• Alger Hiss Case - lying to the court about sending papers to a Communist spy
• Robert Nixon urged for Hiss to be indicted for espionage
• "red-baiting become common" - using attack and spreading fear of other political parties
• 1954 the Communist Control Act was passed (made membership to the Communist Party Illegal?)

Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Becomes head of "witch-hunt"
• Claimed the state is crawling with communists
• Claimed to have also had a list of 205 communists in the department
• His main targets were democrats associated with the New Deal (Truman and Dean Acheson are "dangerous liberals")
• President Eisenhower feared McCarthy would split the Republican Party
• Starts to look like a bully and the public starts to doubt him and they get a chance to see abuse of witnesses
• 1954 Senate finally condemns McCarthy in a 67-22 vote
• Dies soon after in 1957 probably from alcohol and exhaustion

Ike's Political Philosophy

• "Dynamic Conservation"
• Believer in delegation
• Criticized for this because he often seemed uninformed and he was always at the gold course
• Era of conformity and consensus
• Took different anti-communist actions

Assessment #1-5 and Some Class Notes

1.)

• United Nations (UN) - A meeting place for many countries in order to keep peace throughout the world
• Satellite nation - where Stalin created communist countries (countries dominated by the Soviet Union)
• Containment - taking measures in order to prevent the expansion of communist rule into other countries

- Resulted in a much stronger focus on National Security
- National Security Act of 1947 created

• Iron Curtain - phrase standing for division in Europe
• Cold War - a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in which neither confronted each other on the battlefield
• Truman Doctrine - Truman asks Congress for $400 million for economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey
• Marshall Plan - plan to revive Europeans, sending countries around $13 billion in aid

- Make sure "on the edge nations" aren't swayed by ideas of communism

- Europe was largest consumer of US goods (needs markets for goods)

- Strengthen capitalism and democracy in western Europe

Pros: Helped the US like it was planned to do

Cons: Inflation and divided "East and West" Europe even more

• Berlin Airlift - British and American efforts to send food and supplies to Western Berlin
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Eastern countries join United States and Canada to form a military defense

2.) Soviet Union -

• Stalin didn't keep his promise at Yalta
• Soviet military was not becoming demilitarized

United States -

• Refusing to share information on the bomb with the USSR
• Stalin found that Truman couldn't be trusted

3.) Personally, I do not think that Truman was as fit of a leader as Roosevelt was. First of all Roosevelt had a distinct relationship with Stalin during the Cold War. With a new leader, a new relationship would arise. Also because of Stalin finding out about the Atomic Bomb, Stalin started to distrust the Americans and their loyalty towards the Red Army.

4.) Through the whole period I believe that the Americans won what they were fighting for. Many of the things that the Soviet Union wanted they got but they didn't come out successful. War was fought on their turf and they were too heavy set on getting what they wanted that they didn't really think of the consequences.

5.) Stalin wanted to keep expending his Communist ideas throughout Europe. He wanted to diminish the ideas that the Western Nations had about ruling. Considering that the Soviets had a different view of democracy than most of the rest of the world, this played a large part in his motivations.

US Goals as "Savoir of the Word" -

• Pursuit of nuclear superiority
• Outlying bases
• Raw materials and markets
• Supremacy in Latin America
• Control of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Kindertransport in WWII

I'm using a magazine and other websites from the library that one of the librarians told me to use "History Today"

• Kindertransport was the transport of Jewish Refugee Children in places like Nazi Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria and safely into Great Britain
• No one older than 17
• Children were separated from their parents and sent to boarding homes in Great Britain
• First transport was 200 children from Berlin to Harwich, England on December 2, 1938
• At least two transports every week with about the same number
• When WWII had officially began in 1939 10,000+ refugees had been sent to Great Britain

The Journey to Britain

• All of the children had to say goodbye to their families on the railway
• Many of them never got to see them again
• Nazi guards would sometimes raid the carts and look for valuables scaring the already frightening children
• Many excited but also worried about what life in Great Britain would be like

Life in Britain

• Many were amazed with how different life was in Britain

- Plenty of food

- Allowed to go where they wanted without discrimination (no separation of Aryans)

- Higher standard of living

• Some went with family friends or relatives in the UK
• Not great for some in new foster homes with new mean "aunts and uncles"
• Not all people who came forward to help with foster care were the best but they needed the space due to the influx of children entering
• Anti-Semitic life and new land had ruined most of the childhoods of them
• Children started to do everything they could to get their family out of Nazi Europe once in the UK
• During WWII communications had been killed between the children and their homelands - many were not "enemy nations" falling into Hitler's hands
• Showing gratitude for Britain was hard

- Younger girls knitted things for the troops

- Older grils joined the army forces of the UK and became nurses

- Boys volunteered for the army when they were old enough

• As the war went on the refugees were often made fun of for their "strange" names and many times interned as alien enemies to places like Australia or Canada
• Children of Kindertransport learned of assimilation because many of them did not even consider themselves religious