Notes 5/16/11

Nation of Islam and Malcolm X

• Black supremacist group
• Malcolm X - tried to use nonviolent activist of the group
• Killed by Nation of Islam
• Symbol was a black panther
• Took protests into white areas

Black Panther Party

• Originally formed in California by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
• Introduced program for African Americans
• Eventually spread to over 25 cities

Attica Prison Riot

• Death of George Jackson - well known letters from prison
• Took over prison with leader "Big Black"

School Desegregation in Boston

• Naturally in Boston
• Complaints from the black community about inferior schools in black community
• Parents took school to court
• Court rules against schools
• White parents stopped sending their children to school
• Came to agreement w/ black person on school commitee

Bakke Case

• Double the number of black students
• White people blamed them for not getting into college
• Bakke was denied access to University in California twice
• Went against school in court

Homework 5/13/11

How can you use the events you researched to help you respond to the prompt, “To what extent did the methods and goals of the Civil Rights Movement shift significantly from the mid-1960’s onwards?”

Poor People's Campaign

• Economic equality (for the poor) in the United States
• MLK was main leader of the movement
• MLK was to use nonviolent strategies
• MLK assassinated during campaign
• Set up Resurrection City in protest of a bill not being passed
• Resurrection City was shut down shortly after

Vietnam

• Speeches insulting the president
• Relating the war in Vietnam to the poverty crisis in America
• ^MLK against war^

What changes in methods and goals did you identify?

Poor People's Campaign

• People begin to riot without set dates (Resurrection City)
• Violent outbursts began when MLK was killed
• Resurrection City was set up due to loss

Vietnam

• Peaceful confrontations - girl up to national guard
• Marches continue but more white people join in

Practice in Class OPVL

Origin -

• Speech so it is a primary source - straight from the speakers mouth
• Given by Churchill (former Prime Minister of Great Britain)
• March 5, 1946

Purpose -

• Tell Americans that they need the US alliance - didn't want to be all alone
• To spread the ideas of the "iron curtain" - making America know about this threat
• To show future generations that we can't live with a divided world that this "iron curtain" is putting us in

Value -

• Clear expectation of what Great Britain wants
• Hearing from someone very important to Great Britain
• Real implications - primary source

Limitations -

• Is this what the British Government really wants?
• We don't have the Soviet side of the argument
• What are his private thoughts about this topic?

Korean War and 1950s Class Notes

• June 25, 1950 - North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea
• Each section believed The Koreas should be one Union under lead of each of their leaders
• Truman assumes this is a "Soviet-backed" attack
• Security Council (elite body within UN) decides to assist South Korea

The War

• American soldiers take heavy casualties, pushed down Korean peninsula
• Lead advance into North Korea (capturing Pyongyang)
• China goes into war on side of North Korea (pushed American troops back across 38th parallel)
• MacArthur called for land attack on China (alludes to Nuclear attacks on Korea)
• MacArthur is fired in April, 1951
• Armistice talks begin in 1951 (still cannot agree and fighting/dying continues for 2 years)

Fear of Communism in America

• Fear taking over America (fallout shelters made and duck and cover drills)
• House of Un-American Activities Committee leads charge against "communist threats from within"
• HUAC starts investigating Hollywood (communist suspicion by Government)
• Alger Hiss Case - lying to the court about sending papers to a Communist spy
• Robert Nixon urged for Hiss to be indicted for espionage
• "red-baiting become common" - using attack and spreading fear of other political parties
• 1954 the Communist Control Act was passed (made membership to the Communist Party Illegal?)

Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Becomes head of "witch-hunt"
• Claimed the state is crawling with communists
• Claimed to have also had a list of 205 communists in the department
• His main targets were democrats associated with the New Deal (Truman and Dean Acheson are "dangerous liberals")
• President Eisenhower feared McCarthy would split the Republican Party
• Starts to look like a bully and the public starts to doubt him and they get a chance to see abuse of witnesses
• 1954 Senate finally condemns McCarthy in a 67-22 vote
• Dies soon after in 1957 probably from alcohol and exhaustion

Ike's Political Philosophy

• "Dynamic Conservation"
• Believer in delegation
• Criticized for this because he often seemed uninformed and he was always at the gold course
• Era of conformity and consensus
• Took different anti-communist actions

Assessment #1-5 and Some Class Notes

1.)

• United Nations (UN) - A meeting place for many countries in order to keep peace throughout the world
• Satellite nation - where Stalin created communist countries (countries dominated by the Soviet Union)
• Containment - taking measures in order to prevent the expansion of communist rule into other countries

- Resulted in a much stronger focus on National Security
- National Security Act of 1947 created

• Iron Curtain - phrase standing for division in Europe
• Cold War - a conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in which neither confronted each other on the battlefield
• Truman Doctrine - Truman asks Congress for $400 million for economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey
• Marshall Plan - plan to revive Europeans, sending countries around $13 billion in aid

- Make sure "on the edge nations" aren't swayed by ideas of communism

- Europe was largest consumer of US goods (needs markets for goods)

- Strengthen capitalism and democracy in western Europe

Pros: Helped the US like it was planned to do

Cons: Inflation and divided "East and West" Europe even more

• Berlin Airlift - British and American efforts to send food and supplies to Western Berlin
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Eastern countries join United States and Canada to form a military defense

2.) Soviet Union -

• Stalin didn't keep his promise at Yalta
• Soviet military was not becoming demilitarized

United States -

• Refusing to share information on the bomb with the USSR
• Stalin found that Truman couldn't be trusted

3.) Personally, I do not think that Truman was as fit of a leader as Roosevelt was. First of all Roosevelt had a distinct relationship with Stalin during the Cold War. With a new leader, a new relationship would arise. Also because of Stalin finding out about the Atomic Bomb, Stalin started to distrust the Americans and their loyalty towards the Red Army.

4.) Through the whole period I believe that the Americans won what they were fighting for. Many of the things that the Soviet Union wanted they got but they didn't come out successful. War was fought on their turf and they were too heavy set on getting what they wanted that they didn't really think of the consequences.

5.) Stalin wanted to keep expending his Communist ideas throughout Europe. He wanted to diminish the ideas that the Western Nations had about ruling. Considering that the Soviets had a different view of democracy than most of the rest of the world, this played a large part in his motivations.

US Goals as "Savoir of the Word" -

• Pursuit of nuclear superiority
• Outlying bases
• Raw materials and markets
• Supremacy in Latin America
• Control of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Kindertransport in WWII

I'm using a magazine and other websites from the library that one of the librarians told me to use "History Today"

• Kindertransport was the transport of Jewish Refugee Children in places like Nazi Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria and safely into Great Britain
• No one older than 17
• Children were separated from their parents and sent to boarding homes in Great Britain
• First transport was 200 children from Berlin to Harwich, England on December 2, 1938
• At least two transports every week with about the same number
• When WWII had officially began in 1939 10,000+ refugees had been sent to Great Britain

The Journey to Britain

• All of the children had to say goodbye to their families on the railway
• Many of them never got to see them again
• Nazi guards would sometimes raid the carts and look for valuables scaring the already frightening children
• Many excited but also worried about what life in Great Britain would be like

Life in Britain

• Many were amazed with how different life was in Britain

- Plenty of food

- Allowed to go where they wanted without discrimination (no separation of Aryans)

- Higher standard of living

• Some went with family friends or relatives in the UK
• Not great for some in new foster homes with new mean "aunts and uncles"
• Not all people who came forward to help with foster care were the best but they needed the space due to the influx of children entering
• Anti-Semitic life and new land had ruined most of the childhoods of them
• Children started to do everything they could to get their family out of Nazi Europe once in the UK
• During WWII communications had been killed between the children and their homelands - many were not "enemy nations" falling into Hitler's hands
• Showing gratitude for Britain was hard

- Younger girls knitted things for the troops

- Older grils joined the army forces of the UK and became nurses

- Boys volunteered for the army when they were old enough

• As the war went on the refugees were often made fun of for their "strange" names and many times interned as alien enemies to places like Australia or Canada
• Children of Kindertransport learned of assimilation because many of them did not even consider themselves religious

Homework 12/3/10

city vs. country
CITY
Cinema

• new way of entertainment for young people
• new jobs for men and women

Music

• Jazz music becoming very popular for African Americans and White people
• Dancing to the fast paced music caused controversy
  

Cars

• women could own cars and drive them
• auto-mobiles became largely important to many people living in large cities

Women

• women wore less clothing (shorter dresses)
• smoked in public places
• drank with men in public
• started wearing a lot of make-up

COUNTRY

• most things stayed the same for country life
• people were disgraced by the behavior of women living in cities
• thought people were losing self-respect and religion
• thought America was going down the drain
• city became more populated than country which was never seen in America

young vs. old
YOUNG

• living life with less care (especially about what elders thought)
  
• having more fun than before
• being entertained by new luxuries
• reckless and wild
• listening to the "scandalous" jazz music
• sex becoming bigger and less quiet subject for youth

OLD

• outraged and purely disgusted by the way young people were acting
• disliked the images new Hollywood movies were creating
• believed America was becoming something not good
• believed the youth were heading into something terrible
  

the role of women

• differed greatly from the country to the city
• in the city women behavior was less looked upon
• in the city it was easier for women to find jobs
  
• in rural USA women did not have jobs and were expected to be housewives and follow regular chores
  

Homework 12/2/10

1.) The USA's industrial strength -

• Vast country filled with natural resources
• Extremely high population increases at this time
• Most of the population at the time lived in cities, worked in large industries
• Coal, oil, iron, and gas just a few of the resources America had to offer
• AMERICAN INDUSTRY IS GROWING VIGOROUSLY
• By the time of WWI USA had led world in most areas of industry
• New Technology: Motor-vehicles, electric lighting, and telephones
• Film and Chemical industry high as well
  

The First World War -

• America tried to stay out
• Gave a lot of money of money and weapons to the allied group
• By end of WWI America stripped Germany of chemical power
  

New industries -

• Car/automobile
• Trucking
• Road making
  
• Building in the cities (skyscrapers and buildings)
  

Republican policies -

• Laissez-Faire - interfere as less as possible in affairs
  
• Tariffs - import tariff = good
  
• Low Taxation - benefits to working people = happy
  
• Trusts - huge "super-competitions" which dominated the industry
  

A state of mind -

• Most beneficial thing for any prospering nation
• America had growth state of mind
• Helped them in the long run with the "boom"
  

2.) I completely agree with the statement that the boom in industry would have been almost impossible without the mass production in automobiles. This is because the purchasing of automobiles contributed greatly to rising industries (car industry) and it provided new businesses. New businesses included roadwork/road making and truck driving/truck building. All of these industries were a huge factor of the increase in industry during this time.

Homework 11/5/10

1.) List four principles of the Fourteen Points. Which of the Fourteen Points did Wilson think was most important?
• Eliminate secret treaties and causes of war through open diplomacy
• Securing freedom of the seas
• Develop free trade
• And encouraging disarmament
• Wilson believed the most important was the 14th - general association of nations
2.) List three types of anti-German propaganda used by the U.S. during the war.
• German institutions and organizations closed
• Symphonies restricted to play German composer's music
• 14 states banned the learning of German in public schools
3.) What was the purpose of the Committee on Public Information?
• Promote war domestically
• C.P.I shaped information Americans got about the war and encouraged support
• Hoped for more enlistment by increased showings of patriotism

Homework 11/4/10

1. What was President Wilson’s initial stance toward U.S. involvement in the war?

• President Wilson wanted to keep the United States neutral and out of the war initially
• Wanted US to act as a "model" to other countries
• Stay out of Europe's problems
  

2. Why was it difficult to maintain neutrality?

• Both countries wanted US on their side - choosing stalled the progressive of the war
• Ethnic groups and immigrants choosing sides
• Pro-Allied sympathies of the Wilson administration
• US has economic links with the Allies
  
• Britain flew American flags and sunk ships using them
  
• As a result, Germany thought America was apart of the war
  

3. After the Lusitania sank, two groups of people criticized President Wilson’s actions. Who were they, and what problems did they see with his actions?

• Teddy Roosevelt - want war because of Americans killed by the Germans
  
• Henry Cabot Lodge - angered that Germany did that
  

4. What two actions did Germany take which led Wilson to declare war?

• Renewal of of unrestricted submarine warfare
• Disclose of the Zimmerman telegraph - promising Mexico that it will help it reclaim land from America if they helped Germany
  

Homework 10/27/10 and Class notes

1.) Was Taft a true “progressive”? Make a list of points for and against.
Yes
• Deep belief in the law and people - has progressive ideas
• Man-Elkins Act - improving working conditions
• 16th and 17th amendment
No
• Still believes that big businesses should succeed
^--->Payne-Aldrich Tariff (example)
2.) Who were the contenders in the 1912 election? What were the election returns?
• Eugene V. Debs - Socialist
• Woodrow Wilson - Democrat
• Teddy Roosevelt - Progressive Party
• William Taft - Republican
• Woodrow Wilson won
3.) Define Wilson’s, “New Freedom”, platform
• Based on Progressive lawyer Louis Brandeis
• “Concentrated economic power threatens individual liberty” (602)
• Wilson also believed that monopolies had to be broken up so marketplace could be “more open”
4.) What reforms were passed during Wilson’s presidency?
• Blend New Freedom competition w/ New Nationalism comp.
• Federal Trade Commission
- Federal "Watchdog" Agency
- Investigated illegal business activity
• Wilson's Progressive Reforms
• Federal Tax & Underwood Tariff
- Supplemented tariff income
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914
- strengthens Sherman Antitrust Act
- prohibited monopolies
- Labor Unions are allowed to exist/right to boycott

Homework 10/25/10

1.) What role did President Roosevelt want the federal government to serve? P.597
• A small and uninvolved government would not work in the industrial era
• Wanted the government to act as an umpire
• Decide when big business was good and bad
2.) What reforms (think new laws, agencies, etc.) were achieved during Teddy Roosevelt’s presidency?
• Justice Department – antitrust laws to prosecute railroad, meatpacking, and oil trusts (he believed they were exploiting the public
• Pure Food and Drug Laws – protect from bad/expired food to be served to public
• Believed most efficient way to use and conserve resources would be for public management
^CONSERVATION^
• Hepburn Act - regulating price setting of railroads
3.) How did Teddy Roosevelt handle the 1902 United mine Workers’ Strike? How did this illustrate his stance toward unions?
• We need coal!
• Tried to stop the strikes
• The workers reasoned so they stopped striking
• Workers got less working time but no agreement to recognize the unions
• Teddy Roosevelt probably doesn’t like unions at this point in time

Homework 10/22/10

Being an American citizen in 1911 after reading the Triangle report, I would be a little concerned and scared. I would be scared because of the countless young people that died from one fire and the fact that many of them were as young as 15. It would also frighten me that the public thought this was a "fire-proof" building and that people were suffering for 30 minutes while the blaze was trying to be put out. My biggest concern would be that people were still working in these inhumane working conditions and that this was not the factory's first fire. I think action is definitely needed. Many buildings should have fire sprinklers installed and fire escapes should be located.

The events at the Triangle factory tie into the Progressive Era because of the harsh working conditions that people were fighting to eliminate, caused a holocaust. It shows that inhumane working conditions were not the best and that people didn't do anything to change them until a horrible event like the fire happened.

Homework 10/20/10

1.) Who were the "progressives"?

• people wanting to change the effect industrialization had on American society at the time
• "supported the assumption that gov't should ensure justice and well-being" (583)
• had "deep faith" that mankind could create a better world
  

2.) What projects/changes did they champion?

• the initiative - permitted voters to propose new laws
• the referendum - enabled voters to except or reject a law
• the recall - allowed voters to remove offending officials and judges before their terms expired
• WE WANT EFFICIENCY!
• they would reclaim gov't and replace the boss system with accountable managers
• inspired all types of new reformers
  

Homework 10/14/10

Times of business failure, riots, strikes, and employees failing their employers could all be seen in 1871-1900 resulting in the unproductive and unhappy times of industry. There were many reasons why 1871-1900 why so unproductive industrially.
During this time, many large businesses with newly hired immigrants were starting to emerge. Obviously the new workers were getting paid for their extremely harsh work conditions. When the officials of the businesses started to pay the hard workers less money than they thought they deserved, workers got extremely angry. They fired back at the heads of the businesses, the businesses themselves, and the supporters (remaining workers) of the plants. They rioted and protested resulting in the failing of businesses. These results were one main reason why the factories at the time were so unproductive. They had little to no workers and their factories were being vandalized. Even with the "modern" advances like new machines to do what was once manual labor, without workers, factories and businesses could not function and prosper.
1871-1900 was a definite time of failure and productiveness for large businesses. Employees proved to be the main reason for these failures with their striking and rioting.

OPVL

Origin:

· This document is a speech so it is a primary source
· Wovoka aka Jack Wilson read this orally to the tribe (Cheyenne)
· Black Short Nose (member of tribe) copied what he said
· Created August 1891
· The speech was re-edited to clear up translation confusion
- We Know
· Wovoka was a strong believer in “The Promise of the Ghost Dance”
· He is a spiritual individual
· He was apart/partnered with Cheyenne tribe

Purpose:

· This document exists to show us the Ghost Dance religion
· The author was trying to influence the Cheyenne tribe to follow this so they could win in battles
· The author chose a speech because he wanted to get this out to a lot of people
· The intended audience is the Cheyenne tribe’s people
· The document tells what the religion will require and what people are expected to do

Value:

· We know that the author strongly believes in this religion and that it will definitely help the tribe in battle if they follow the rules
· We can tell that during this time period, spirituality was a large part in the lives of Native Americans
· The piece was created in order to help the people of the Cheyenne tribe and it reflects this by showing that in return it will help them in battle
· The author represents the side of the religion considering he is so strongly for it
· We can obviously tell he believes in what he is saying
· When the piece was created there were many wars against Native Americans and this piece was offering advice on how the Natives could win these wars

Limitation:

· This document does not tell us if the religion is proven to work
· We could verify this by seeing the results of the war on the Cheyenne people and seeing what happened in result to following the Ghost Dance religion
· The author probably purposely leaves out previous victories from using the religion because there might not have been
· He also doesn’t tell if any other tribes followed the religion